Particularly in view of the fact that the global population of people over 60 is expected to almost double to more than 2 billion by 2050 (World Health Organization), it is essential to ensure healthy aging and therapeutic measures for age-related diseases. All countries worldwide are increasingly faced with the challenge of preparing their health and social systems for this demographic shift and its associated consequences. In this context, the aging process represents a significant risk factor for the development of a wide range of diseases. In particular, aging is accompanied by profound changes in the cardiovascular system: At the cellular level, changes in mitochondria, the energy power plants of the cells, accumulation of free oxygen radicals, and increasing inflammatory processes accompanied by a limited repair capacity of the cells become apparent during the course of life. At the organ level, hypertrophy of the heart tissue and increased accumulation of connective tissue both in the heart (so-called myocardial fibrosis) and in the large vessels can be found, as well as the development of arteriosclerotic plaques and a deterioration of cardiac function. These mechanisms, in complex interactions also with other organs, lead to the clinically visible pictures of hypertension, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction and heart failure. Therefore, a significant increase in cardiovascular diseases can be expected, especially from the 5th decade of life. Research into and elucidation of these mechanisms and underlying causes, as well as their treatment and prevention, are essential to adequately counter the predicted massive increase in cardiovascular diseases, especially in the elderly population.